A.R. Penck was a German Neo-Expressionist whose paintings of figures and symbols nod to both German Expressionists like Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Art Brut. Penck's Standart works, which employ a lexicon of pictograph-like marks the artist referred to as "building blocks", are essential in understanding both his process and ideology. Though often associated with the graffiti-based work of Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat, his style emerged independently as a response to the censorship of the German Democratic Republic. Born Ralf Winkler on October 5, 1939, in Dresden, Germany, he adopted A.R. Penck as a moniker based on the early 20th-century paleo-geologist Albrecht Penck when East German State Security began confiscating his works during the 1960s. Expelled to West Germany by the GDR Communist regime in 1980, he became a part of a milieu of Neo-Expressionist painters which included Markus Lüpertz and Jörg Immendorff. After the pinnacle of his career in the mid-1980s, Penck’s work fell from favor for several decades. In the late 2000s, the artist’s work began to be reappraised as a legacy integral to the history of art. After a prolonged illness, the artist died on May 2, 2017,​ in Zürich, Switzerland. Today, his works are held in the collections of the Art Institute of Chicago, The Museum of Modern Art in New York, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the Kunstmuseum Basel, and the Städel Museum in Frankfurt.